Showing posts with label 1898. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1898. Show all posts

Saturday, March 17, 2012

Titanic Centennial: Stranger Than Fiction?


From the preface to Walter Lord's A Night To Remember:
In 1898, a struggling author named Morgan Robertson concocted a novel about a fabulous Atlantic liner, far larger than any that had ever been built. Robertson loaded his ship with the rich and complacent and then wrecked it one cold April night on an iceberg. This somehow showed the futility of everything, and in fact, the book was called Futility when it appeared that year, published by the firm of M F. Mansfield. 
Fourteen years later, a British shipping company named the White Star Line built a steamer remarkably like the one in Robertson's novel. The new liner was 66,000 tons displacement; Robertson's was 70,000 tons. The real ship was 882.5 feet long; the fictional one was 800 feet.  Both vessels were were triple screw and could make 24-5 knots. Both could carry about 3,000 people, and both had enough lifeboats for only a fraction of this number. But, then, this didn't seem to matter because both were labelled 'unsinkable.'
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Robertson called his ship the Titan; the White Star Line called its ship the Titanic. This is the story of her last night. 
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Robertson's uncanny story is linked here. Futility was republished in 1912 as the Wreck of the Titan. Interestingly, Robertson also "invented" the periscope, and predicted a Japanese sneak attack on the US. He died of apparent suicide in 1915.

Sunday, February 26, 2012

Doing the aftermath of Becquerel's discovery

[continuation in part from here]

Becquerel's discovery of uranium's radioactivity led to several immediate questions:

(1) Were other elements besides uranium radioactive?
(2) What is radioactivity? Was it it like X-rays?
(3) How to square radioactivity with the Law Of Conservation of Energy.

In the mid 1890's the Periodic Table looked like this:

Original
Note that the noble gases (which had just been discovered--were absent). Also, nickel and cobalt were incorrectly ordered under group VIII as I mentioned here.

Marie Curie found that thorium (an element known since 1828) was radioactive in 1898.  There was a priority dispute with a German chemist, Gerhard Carl Schmidt which I'm still reading about. Thorium's importance briefly eclipsed uranium's, because the latter was in short supply until more sources could be found. Curie, along with her husband Pierre, began extracting uranium from samples of impure Czech pitchblende. They discovered that the purer they got the uranium, the stronger the radioactivity was in the concentrated waste left behind. This told them that something else was in there. They discovered polonium in July and radium in December of 1898, adding two new elements to the chart shown above.  In this way, radioactivity became a tool for discovering new elements.

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Krypton was hiding in plain sight

original

Perfection can be boring, and so it is with the chemistries of the noble gases. Once argon was discovered 1894, the others were diligently sought and found hiding in liquid air in 1898. First came krypton--its name meaning hidden one--the other two, neon and xenon, were found a few weeks latter. Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay won the 1904 Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry for their discoveries.
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Helium, the first noble gas, was first found in the solar spectrum, not in thin air.